Pre–lmlk jars: A new class of iron age iia storage jars

The lmlk jars are among the best-known ceramic types of the Iron Age II in Judah and have been widely discussed in archaeological, historical and biblical studies. During the last decade or so, excavations at several sites (primarily in the Judean Shephelah) have brought to light the existence of a precursor to these jars—the 'pre-lmlk jars'. This paper defines and reviews this new class of jars, beginning with its appearance in the recently uncovered Temporary Stratum 4 (late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE) at Tell es-Safī/Gath. Like the lmlk jars, it seems that the pre-lmlk jars were produced somewhere in the Judean Shephelah. In fact, they may have been produced at the same workshop(s) as the lmlk and 'Rosette' Jars, which were manufactured under royal Judean supervision. As such, this multi-generational pottery production tradition sheds light on the long-term economic and production patterns of the Judean kingdom.