P-glycoprotein-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin: The toxicological significance of the urine-blood barrier model

We provide direct evidence that verapamil inhibits active digoxin secretion in renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1), and that verapamil increases cellular accumulation of digoxin. These findings suggest that verapamil inhibits the digoxin active secretory transport at the apical membranes, supporting the theory that P-glycoprotein mediates digoxin secretion in the renal tubular cells. Based on existing data on digoxin transport, we present a hypothetical model for the renal handling of digoxin, implying that P-glycoprotein functions as a driving mechanism of a unidirectional "urine-blood" barrier.