Deployment stressors, mental health outcomes, and protective factors among wives of reserve soldiers during the Israel-Hamas War: A latent profile analysis approach

Deployment to active conflict zones significantly affects military families, with spouses often experiencing heightened stress and mental health challenges. However, research on non-US military spouses, particularly those of reserve soldiers, who may face unique stressors compared to active-duty personnel, remains scarce. This study examined perceived stress profiles among Israeli spouses of reserve soldiers during the ongoing Israel-Hamas War, and their associations with deployment stressors, mental health outcomes, and psychological protective factors. A volunteer sample of Israeli spouses of reserve soldiers (n = 293) responded to self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study. Using latent profile analysis of the ratings of perceived stress, three distinct profiles were identified: low (35.1%), moderate (43.5%), and high (21.3%). Higher levels of deployment stressors (e.g., fear of spouse getting physically injured) predicted membership in the moderate and high-stress profiles, while better household management was associated with lower stress profiles. The high-stress profile reported significantly greater symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to the low and moderate stress profiles. In contrast, the low-stress profile exhibited higher levels of resilience, self-compassion, and perceived social support. These findings highlight the variability in spouses' stress responses during wartime deployment and identify key factors associated with psychological adjustment. Results suggest that deployment-related fears, household management abilities, and psychological resources are crucial in shaping stress profiles and mental health outcomes among military spouses.