Continuous-wave lasing between Landau levels in graphene

We predict the general feasibility and demonstrate the design of the continuous-wave terahertz laser operating between Landau levels in graphene placed on a polar substrate in a magnetic field of order 1 T. Steady-state population inversion under a continuous-wave optical pumping becomes possible due to surface-phonon-mediated relaxation of carriers. The scheme is scalable to other materials with massless Dirac fermions, for example, surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators such as Bi2Se3 or Bi2Te3.