Changes in Individual and Dyadic Sexual Behavior Frequencies During Wartime in Israel: How Much, Who, and Why?

Introduction: Understanding the impact of external stressors on human sexuality, especially during war, remains a complex and understudied area. The study’s goals were to observe and understand shifts in sexual behavior during the 2023 Israel–Hamas War, with a focus on gender differences. The primary goal is to explore the anticipated decline in sexual activity during wartime, while remaining open to unexpected findings. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional retrospective design, an online survey was distributed to Israeli adults. Participants (N = 1207) met specific inclusion criteria, and the survey, conducted from October 31 to November 7, 2023, assessed changes in individual and partnered sexual behaviors attributed to the war experience. Results: Approximately 50% reported stability in pornography and masturbation habits, while 40% reported a decrease in all sexual behaviors. Gender differences were notable, with women more likely to report no change in individual sexual behaviors, and men displaying varied responses. Factor analysis identified Emotional Reasons and Disturbances as key factors influencing decreased sexual behavior, with women attributing greater relevance to these factors than men. Finally, ANOVA tests indicated that age, religiousness, spirituality, and exposure to war-related stress differentiated changes in sexual behavior frequency in various ways. Conclusion: This study offers nuanced insights into the complex interplay between war-induced stress and human sexuality. Gender differences highlight the need for gender-sensitive interventions. The findings challenge assumptions about a universal decline in sexual activity during wartime, recognizing potential unexpected increases. Overall, the study deepens our understanding of how individuals navigate intimate relationships amid challenging circumstances.