Transient simulations of large-scale hydrogeological processes causing temperature and salinity anomalies in the Tiberias Basin

Hot and salty waters occur in the surroundings of the Lake Tiberias. Transient numerical simulations of thermally-driven flow without salinity effects show that mixed convection can explain the upsurge of thermal waters through permeable faults and the high temperature gradient in the Lower Yarmouk Gorge (LYG). It turns out that by including salinity effects, the flow patterns differ from those of a purely thermal regime because heavy brines dampen upward buoyant flow and convective cells. Accordingly, the fault permeability had to be increased to restore a good fit with the measured temperatures. This further supports the hypothesis that the high temperature gradient in the LYG is likely due to fractures or faults in that area. The thermohaline simulations also suggest that the derivatives of relic seawater brines are the major source of salinity. Deep brines leaching salt diapirs cannot reach the surface. However, the presence of local shallower salt bodies below the lake can potentially contribute to the salinity of the western spring and well waters, though in very small amount. This is in agreement with geochemical data according to which the major source of the brines of the Tiberias Basin represents seawater evaporation brines. Besides being of importance for understanding the hydrogeological processes that salinize Lake Tiberias, the presented simulations provide a real-case example illustrating large-scale fluid patterns due to only one source of buoyancy (heat) and those that are additionally coupled to salinity.