The UK–Israel FTA in a politically dynamic era: economic rationale, moral diplomacy, and trade policy

This paper examines post-Brexit UK–Israel trade relations through role theory, focusing on how national role conceptions (NRCs) shape trade policy. Based on official documents, media sources, and interviews, it shows strong mutual incentives to replace the 2019 continuity agreement with an upgraded free trade agreement centred on digital services, innovation, and investment. Negotiations progressed through five rounds between 2022 and 2024, aligning the UK’s and Israel’s strategic economic roles. However, negotiations were suspended in May 2025 under the Starmer government, reflecting a strategic shift towards an NRC that emphasises international law. Consequently, talks remain stalled with a resumption deemed highly unlikely, notwithstanding the subsequent ceasefire achieved in late 2025.