TY - JOUR
T1 - The mass of the exo-Venus Gliese 12b, as revealed by HARPS-N, ESPRESSO, and CARMENES
AU - Turner, Daisy A.
AU - Eschen, Yoshi Nike Emilia
AU - Murgas, Felipe
AU - Mortier, Annelies
AU - Wilson, Thomas G.
AU - Fernández Fernández, Jorge
AU - Gromek, Nicole
AU - Morello, Giuseppe
AU - Tabernero, Hugo M.
AU - Egger, Jo Ann
AU - Vissapragada, Shreyas
AU - Caballero, José A.
AU - Dreizler, Stefan
AU - Freckelton, Alix Violet
AU - Hatzes, Artie P.
AU - Lakeland, Ben Scott
AU - Nagel, Evangelos
AU - Naponiello, Luca
AU - Vanaverbeke, Siegfried
AU - Venner, Alexander
AU - Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa
AU - Amado, Pedro J.
AU - Béjar, Víctor J.S.
AU - Bonomo, Aldo Stefano
AU - Buchhave, Lars A.
AU - Collier Cameron, Andrew
AU - Carleo, Ilaria
AU - Chaturvedi, Priyanka
AU - Cloutier, Ryan
AU - Damasso, Mario
AU - Daspute, Mangesh
AU - Dholakia, Shishir
AU - Dufoer, Sjoerd
AU - Dumusque, Xavier
AU - Martinez Fiorenzano, Aldo Fabricio
AU - Ghedina, Adriano
AU - Harutyunyan, Avet
AU - Herrero, Enrique
AU - John, Ancy Anna
AU - Lillo-Box, Jorge
AU - Lodieu, Nicolas
AU - López-Morales, Mercedes
AU - Malavolta, Luca
AU - Mancini, Luigi
AU - Mantovan, Giacomo
AU - Montes, David
AU - Morales, Juan Carlos
AU - Nicholson, Belinda
AU - Orell-Miquel, Jaume
AU - Palethorpe, Larissa
AU - Palle, Enric
AU - Quirrenbach, Andreas
AU - Reffert, Sabine
AU - Reiners, Ansgar
AU - Ribas, Ignasi
AU - Rice, Ken
AU - Silva, André M.
AU - Sozzetti, Alessandro
AU - Stalport, Manu
AU - Tal-Or, Lev
AU - Trifonov, Trifon
AU - Udry, Stéphane
AU - Zechmeister, Mathias
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
PY - 2026/1/1
Y1 - 2026/1/1
N2 - Small temperate planets are prime targets for exoplanet studies due to their possible similarities with the rocky planets in the Solar system. M dwarfs are promising hosts since the planetary signals are within our current detection capabilities. Gliese 12 b is a Venus-sized temperate planet orbiting a quiet M dwarf. We present here the first precise mass measurement of this small exoplanet. We performed a detailed analysis using HARPS-N (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern Hemisphere), ESPRESSO (Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations), and CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) radial velocities, along with new and archival TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite), and MuSCAT2/3 (Multicolor Simultaneous Camera for studying Atmospheres of Transiting exoplanets) photometry data. From fitting the available data, we find that the planet has a radius of Rp = 0.93 ± 0.06 R⊕ and a mass of Mp = 0.95+0.29-0.30, M⊕ (a 3.2σ measurement of the semi-amplitude K = 0.67 ± 0.21 ms-1), and is on an orbit with a period of 12.761418+0.000060-0.000055, d. A variety of techniques were utilized to attenuate stellar activity signals. Gliese 12b has an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 317 ± 8 K, assuming an albedo of zero, and a density consistent with that of Earth and Venus (ϱp = 6.4 ± 2.4 g cm-3). We find that Gliese 12 b has a predominantly rocky interior and simulations indicate that it is unlikely to have retained any of its primordial gaseous envelope. The bulk properties of Gliese 12 b place it in an extremely sparsely populated region of both mass–radius and density–Teq parameter space, making it a prime target for follow-up observations, including Lyman-α studies.
AB - Small temperate planets are prime targets for exoplanet studies due to their possible similarities with the rocky planets in the Solar system. M dwarfs are promising hosts since the planetary signals are within our current detection capabilities. Gliese 12 b is a Venus-sized temperate planet orbiting a quiet M dwarf. We present here the first precise mass measurement of this small exoplanet. We performed a detailed analysis using HARPS-N (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern Hemisphere), ESPRESSO (Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations), and CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) radial velocities, along with new and archival TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite), and MuSCAT2/3 (Multicolor Simultaneous Camera for studying Atmospheres of Transiting exoplanets) photometry data. From fitting the available data, we find that the planet has a radius of Rp = 0.93 ± 0.06 R⊕ and a mass of Mp = 0.95+0.29-0.30, M⊕ (a 3.2σ measurement of the semi-amplitude K = 0.67 ± 0.21 ms-1), and is on an orbit with a period of 12.761418+0.000060-0.000055, d. A variety of techniques were utilized to attenuate stellar activity signals. Gliese 12b has an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 317 ± 8 K, assuming an albedo of zero, and a density consistent with that of Earth and Venus (ϱp = 6.4 ± 2.4 g cm-3). We find that Gliese 12 b has a predominantly rocky interior and simulations indicate that it is unlikely to have retained any of its primordial gaseous envelope. The bulk properties of Gliese 12 b place it in an extremely sparsely populated region of both mass–radius and density–Teq parameter space, making it a prime target for follow-up observations, including Lyman-α studies.
KW - planets and satellites: detection
KW - planets and satellites: individual: Gliese 12 b
KW - planets and satellites: interiors
KW - planets and satellites: terrestrial planets
KW - stars: individual: Gliese 12
KW - techniques: radial velocities
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024710711
U2 - 10.1093/mnras/staf1703
DO - 10.1093/mnras/staf1703
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AN - SCOPUS:105024710711
SN - 0035-8711
VL - 545
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
IS - 1
M1 - staf1703
ER -