TY - JOUR
T1 - The effects of lemon taste on attention, Perceived exertion, And affect during a stepping task
AU - Ritchie, Jason
AU - Braun, Robyn
AU - Basevitch, Itay
AU - Boiangin, Nataniel
AU - Tenenbaum, Gershon
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016.
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Objectives: To better understand the effects of taste cues on delaying the attention shift from an external focus (dissociative) towards an internal focus (associative) as exercise intensity increases. Design: A between subjects' experimental design with random assignment to three groups: taste (lemon-flavored mouth guards), placebo (unflavored mouth guards), or control group (no mouth guards) was used. Participants reported perceived exertion, affect (i.e., pleasantness and arousal), and attention allocation before, during, and after performing a weighted stepping task. Results: Performing the task resulted in a gradual increase of perceived exertion, F (1.87, 74.89) = 63.05, p < .05, ηp2 = .61, along with a shift from dissociative to associative attention, F (2.17, 86.68) = 35.57, p < .05, ηp2 = .47 across all conditions. Additionally, participants reported feeling less pleasant and more aroused after task completion in all conditions. The lemon-flavored mouth guard failed to affect attention, F (4.33, 86.68) = 1.41, p = .23, ηp2 = .07, perceived exertion, F (3.74, 74.86) = .38, p = .81, ηp2 = .02, pleasantness, F (2, 40) = .126, p = .88, ηp2 = .01, and arousal, F (2, 40) = 2.40, p = .10, ηp2 = .10, differently than the other two conditions. Conclusions: The study was one of the first to examine the effects of taste during an exertive task. Despite the non-significant effects of using a lemon-taste mouth guard on various cognitive variables (perception of exertion, attention allocation, pleasantness, and arousal), more scientific effort is needed to explore the effects of other tastes (e.g., sweet, bitter) and delivery methods (e.g., sprays, drops).
AB - Objectives: To better understand the effects of taste cues on delaying the attention shift from an external focus (dissociative) towards an internal focus (associative) as exercise intensity increases. Design: A between subjects' experimental design with random assignment to three groups: taste (lemon-flavored mouth guards), placebo (unflavored mouth guards), or control group (no mouth guards) was used. Participants reported perceived exertion, affect (i.e., pleasantness and arousal), and attention allocation before, during, and after performing a weighted stepping task. Results: Performing the task resulted in a gradual increase of perceived exertion, F (1.87, 74.89) = 63.05, p < .05, ηp2 = .61, along with a shift from dissociative to associative attention, F (2.17, 86.68) = 35.57, p < .05, ηp2 = .47 across all conditions. Additionally, participants reported feeling less pleasant and more aroused after task completion in all conditions. The lemon-flavored mouth guard failed to affect attention, F (4.33, 86.68) = 1.41, p = .23, ηp2 = .07, perceived exertion, F (3.74, 74.86) = .38, p = .81, ηp2 = .02, pleasantness, F (2, 40) = .126, p = .88, ηp2 = .01, and arousal, F (2, 40) = 2.40, p = .10, ηp2 = .10, differently than the other two conditions. Conclusions: The study was one of the first to examine the effects of taste during an exertive task. Despite the non-significant effects of using a lemon-taste mouth guard on various cognitive variables (perception of exertion, attention allocation, pleasantness, and arousal), more scientific effort is needed to explore the effects of other tastes (e.g., sweet, bitter) and delivery methods (e.g., sprays, drops).
KW - Attention allocation
KW - RPE
KW - Taste stimuli
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84961705012&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.03.005
DO - 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.03.005
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AN - SCOPUS:84961705012
SN - 1469-0292
VL - 25
SP - 9
EP - 16
JO - Psychology of Sport and Exercise
JF - Psychology of Sport and Exercise
ER -