TY - JOUR
T1 - Normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents
AU - Uliel, Shimrit
AU - Tauman, Riva
AU - Greenfeld, Michal
AU - Sivan, Yakov
N1 - Funding Information:
For the loan of specimens, I am indebted to: Mr M. D. Webb (BMNH), Dr. Zaidi Moh. Isa (UKM), Dr H. J. Zainal Abidin B. Jamaluddin (MNKM), Dr M. Gogala and Dr T. Trilar (PMS), Mr J. van Tol (RMNH) and Mrs T. Kothe (ZSM). I am very grateful to Dick Langerak for preparing the figures, to Rob Portegies for making the maps of distribution, and to Gerard Verlaan for technical assistance. The help received from Dr. Maryati Mohamed, head of the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, has greatly facilitated our fieldwork in Sabah in 2001; the very kind assistance received from the staff of the institute, and especially from Nordin Wahid and Zainac Awank during the fieldwork, is gratefully acknowledged. My wife Greet Duffels-van Egmond provided again invaluable help during the fieldwork. The fieldtrips in Sabah were financially supported by the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Foundation, Amsterdam and the Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
PY - 2004/3
Y1 - 2004/3
N2 - Study objectives: Polysomnography is important in the evaluation of children and adolescents with sleep-disordered breathing. Adult criteria for obstructive sleep apnea have been shown to be inapplicable to children. Nevertheless, very little data are available regarding normal respiratory parameters during sleep in healthy children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to characterize normal polysomnography values in healthy children and adolescents and to establish respiratory reference values for pediatric polysomnography. Design, setting and participants: Seventy healthy, normal children and adolescents were studied. Age ranged from 1 to 15 years (mean ±SD, 8.02 ± 4.57 years). All children underwent overnight polysomnography including EEG, electromyography, electrooculography, ECG, pulse oximetry arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2), chest wall and abdomen motion, oral and nasal airflow, and end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO 2). Results: Three children (4%) had a mean of 0.37 obstructive apneas (OAs) per hour of sleep (1 to 5 OAs per child per study), with mean apnea duration of 10.3 ± 2.1 s. This was not accompanied with oxygen desaturation. Twenty-six children had one to seven central apneas (CAs) per child, resulting in a mean of 0.4 CAs per hour of sleep (median, 0.33; 97.5 percentile, 0.9). Eleven of the 58 events of CA in six children coincided with oxygen desaturation to a minimum of 88% (nadir apnea desaturation range, 88 to 93%). The mean Spo2 was 97.2 ± 0.8% with Spo2 nadir of 94.6 ± 2.2%. PETCO2 > 45 mm Hg occurred for 1.6 ± 3.8% of total sleep time (TST) in 21 of 70 children (30%), with a distribution of 1.3 ± 3.03% in the range of 46 to 47 mm Hg; < 0.7% were within the range of 48 to 50 mm Hg; and in 0.29 ± 0.24% of TST, PETCO2 values were > 50 mm Hg. Conclusions: Based on these data, the recommended limits for normal values are as follows: OA index, 1; CA index, 0. 9; oxygen desaturation, 89%; baseline saturation, 92%; and PETCO2 > 45 mm Hg for < 10% of TST.
AB - Study objectives: Polysomnography is important in the evaluation of children and adolescents with sleep-disordered breathing. Adult criteria for obstructive sleep apnea have been shown to be inapplicable to children. Nevertheless, very little data are available regarding normal respiratory parameters during sleep in healthy children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to characterize normal polysomnography values in healthy children and adolescents and to establish respiratory reference values for pediatric polysomnography. Design, setting and participants: Seventy healthy, normal children and adolescents were studied. Age ranged from 1 to 15 years (mean ±SD, 8.02 ± 4.57 years). All children underwent overnight polysomnography including EEG, electromyography, electrooculography, ECG, pulse oximetry arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2), chest wall and abdomen motion, oral and nasal airflow, and end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO 2). Results: Three children (4%) had a mean of 0.37 obstructive apneas (OAs) per hour of sleep (1 to 5 OAs per child per study), with mean apnea duration of 10.3 ± 2.1 s. This was not accompanied with oxygen desaturation. Twenty-six children had one to seven central apneas (CAs) per child, resulting in a mean of 0.4 CAs per hour of sleep (median, 0.33; 97.5 percentile, 0.9). Eleven of the 58 events of CA in six children coincided with oxygen desaturation to a minimum of 88% (nadir apnea desaturation range, 88 to 93%). The mean Spo2 was 97.2 ± 0.8% with Spo2 nadir of 94.6 ± 2.2%. PETCO2 > 45 mm Hg occurred for 1.6 ± 3.8% of total sleep time (TST) in 21 of 70 children (30%), with a distribution of 1.3 ± 3.03% in the range of 46 to 47 mm Hg; < 0.7% were within the range of 48 to 50 mm Hg; and in 0.29 ± 0.24% of TST, PETCO2 values were > 50 mm Hg. Conclusions: Based on these data, the recommended limits for normal values are as follows: OA index, 1; CA index, 0. 9; oxygen desaturation, 89%; baseline saturation, 92%; and PETCO2 > 45 mm Hg for < 10% of TST.
KW - Central sleep apnea
KW - Children
KW - End-tidal CO
KW - Hemoglobin saturation
KW - Hypopnea
KW - Obstructive sleep apnea
KW - Polysomnography
KW - Sleep
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=1642380377&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1378/chest.125.3.872
DO - 10.1378/chest.125.3.872
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C2 - 15006944
AN - SCOPUS:1642380377
SN - 0012-3692
VL - 125
SP - 872
EP - 878
JO - Chest
JF - Chest
IS - 3
ER -