Charge separation in ground-state 1,2,4,5-tetra-substituted benzene derivatives

The conditions required for a formal biradical to exist in a zwitterionic form in the ground state are discussed following the recent experimental observation of zwitterionic structure in the ground state of a quinoid molecule (di-tert-butyl derivative of 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine, I). A unique characteristic of molecules of this class is the fact that they may be considered as being formed by the union of two radicals, each having an odd number of π electrons. In the case of I, one fragment carries the two amino group having 7 π etectrons; it acts as the electron donor. The other fragment carries the two oxygen atoms (carrying 5, π electrons) and acts as an electron acceptor. A model that predicts the properties of these systems is presented, based on previous work on non-Kekule hydrocarbons and on the electron donating and attracting properties of the donor and acceptor groups, respectively. The zwitterion is formed by an electron transfer leading to two subunits carrying 6 π electrons each and may become more stable than the triplet biradical even in the gas phase (i.e., in the absence of an external field) if the ionization potential of the donor is small (of the order of 3-4 eV). In some cases solvation in a polar solvent is required to make the zwitterionic form the lowest energy species on the ground-state surface. The 'spacer' between the donor and acceptor groups (which need not be necessarily derived from an aromatic structure) can be varied and influences the overall dipole moment that is calculated in some cases to be quite large (over 20 D in the gas phase).