Cefepime vs. ceftazidime treatment of pyelonephritis: A European, randomized, controlled study of 300 pediatric cases

Background. Cefepime has been used in clinical therapeutic trials for meningitis, serious infection and febrile neutropenia, comprising more than 800 pediatric patients. This agent has also been used in patients 12 years of age and older with uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis, but not in younger patients. In this study the safety and efficacy of cefepime were compared with those of ceftazidime for treatment of pyelonephritis in pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age. Methods. Two hundred ninety-nine pediatric patients (ages 1 month to 12 years) with pyelonephritis (300 episodes) were enrolled in a randomized, open label, multicenter trial. Individual resuLts were evaluated by a blinded committee of experts. Cefepime was compared with ceftazidime, both administered parenterally at 50 mg/kg every 8 h. Patients were to receive the assigned study drug until at least 48 h after becoming afebrile. The iv treatment was then to be continued or replaced by oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for a maximum of 12 to 14 days. Results. The predominant causative pathogens were Escherichia coli, 88%; Proteus spp., 6%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2%; and Klebsiella spp., 2%. Bacteriologic eradication was achieved in 96 and 94% of cefepime and ceftazidime patients, respectively, at the end of iv study drug treatment and was maintained in 94 and 91%, respectively, at the end of total study therapy. After study therapy bacteriologic eradication was maintained after 4 to 6 weeks in 86% of cefepime cases and in 83% of ceftazidime cases. A satisfactory clinical response occurred in 98 and 96% of cefepime and ceftazidime patients, respectively, at the end of iv treatment and in 93% at the end of total study therapy in both treatment arms. Drug-related clinical adverse events occurred in 14 cefepime patients (9%) and in 10 ceftazidime patients (7%). Conclusions. Cefepime and ceftazidime are equally safe and efficacious treatment for pyelonephritis in pediatric patients.