TY - JOUR
T1 - Statistical Validation of Risk Alleles in Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test
T2 - Early Identification of Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in 74,566 Case–Control Subjects
AU - Blum, Kenneth
AU - Han, David
AU - Gupta, Ashim
AU - Baron, David
AU - Braverman, Eric R.
AU - Dennen, Catherine A.
AU - Kazmi, Shan
AU - Llanos-Gomez, Luis
AU - Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.
AU - Elman, Igor
AU - Thanos, Panayotis K.
AU - Downs, Bill W.
AU - Bagchi, Debasis
AU - Gondre-Lewis, Marjorie C.
AU - Gold, Mark S.
AU - Bowirrat, Abdalla
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including GWAS. To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Blum’s group developed the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions published from 1990 until 2021. This analysis calculated the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. If available, the Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was applied to comparisons of the gender, genotype, and allele distribution. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and a post-risk for 8% estimation of the population’s alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. The OR results showed significance for DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, COMT, OPRM1, and 5HTT at 5%. While most of the research related to GARS is derived from our laboratory, we are encouraging more independent research to confirm our findings.
AB - Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including GWAS. To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Blum’s group developed the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions published from 1990 until 2021. This analysis calculated the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. If available, the Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was applied to comparisons of the gender, genotype, and allele distribution. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and a post-risk for 8% estimation of the population’s alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. The OR results showed significance for DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, COMT, OPRM1, and 5HTT at 5%. While most of the research related to GARS is derived from our laboratory, we are encouraging more independent research to confirm our findings.
KW - Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS)
KW - Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
KW - dopamine
KW - neurotransmitters
KW - odds ratios
KW - opioids
KW - statistical validation of GARS
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138624572&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/jpm12091385
DO - 10.3390/jpm12091385
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AN - SCOPUS:85138624572
SN - 2075-4426
VL - 12
JO - Journal of Personalized Medicine
JF - Journal of Personalized Medicine
IS - 9
M1 - 1385
ER -