@article{d640c1b091c04da9825e225048055788,
title = "Jewish identity and the Russian revolution: A case study of radical activism in the Russian empire",
abstract = "The article deals with Jewish revolutionaries in the Russian Empire from the 1880s until the October Revolution of 1917, approaching them through the prism of their identity crisis during a period of transition. The author's aim is to uncover the cultural and psychological mechanisms of Jewish radical motivation and to elucidate the factors which led to the formation of a radical consciousness and to growth in radical activity. Some of these mechanisms are universal, while others specifically characterize Jewish society in Russia. Equally essential are the modes of transformation of traditional Jewish concepts into the specific elements of revolutionary ideologies.",
keywords = "Aron-Shmuel Lieberman, Grigory Gershuni, July Martov, Leon Trotsky, Narodniki, Pavel Axelrod, People's will, Self-hatred",
author = "Golda Akhiezer",
note = "Funding Information: The reforms introduced by Alexander II shaped the political, social, and economic backdrop for the radicalization of Russian Jews. The reforms drastically changed the life of Jewish society, including that of the communities within the Pale of Jewish Settlement. Based on the new legislation concerning education, the Jews, in addition to traditional schooling, were also given a compulsory general education. A law passed in 1861 permitted Jewish graduates of post-secondary schools to occupy state positions and to reside outside the limits of the Pale of Jewish Settlement.5 Jewish schools founded by proponents of the Haskalah opened in the Pale, introducing Jewish students to both Jewish and general subjects, including study of the Russian language. From 1847 on, two state-directed Rabbinical seminaries for Jewish teachers began to operate in Vilna and Zhitomir as part of the project of Jewish integration into Russian society. The new schools put considerably greater emphasis on the study of Russian and the secular disciplines than on the Jewish subjects. During Alexander{\textquoteright}s reign, students of the seminaries were provided with financial support by the authorities.",
year = "2013",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1080/09546553.2013.814496",
language = "אנגלית",
volume = "25",
pages = "561--575",
journal = "Terrorism and Political Violence",
issn = "0954-6553",
publisher = "Routledge",
number = "4",
}